Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the 
Sun, and also a rocky planet. He is the main target for 
Earth's future space explorations, numerous spacecrafts, unmanned and future manned missions. The surface of Mars is orange-red because it is covered in iron(III) oxide dust, giving him the nickname "the Red Planet". A Martian solar year is equal to 1.88 Earth years (687 Earth days). Mars has two natural satellites that are small and irregular in shape.
Mars is among the brightest objects in Earth's sky, and his high-contrast albedo features have made it a common subject for telescope viewing.
Mars is arrogant and aggressive because he is the god of war. Many people also speculate that 
aliens live, or at least, lived, on Mars.
History
The geological history Mars involve a lot of speculation. Take everything with a grain of salt, as new discoveries will be made and things might change.
Formation
Scientists have theorized that during the Solar System's formation, Mars was created as the result of a random process of run-away accretion of material from the protoplanetary disk that orbited the Sun. Mars has many distinctive chemical features caused by his position in the Solar System. Elements with comparatively low boiling points, such as chlorine, phosphorus, and sulfur, are much more common on Mars than on Earth; these elements were probably pushed outward by the young Sun's energetic solar wind.
After the formation of the planets, the inner Solar System may have been subjected to the so-called Late Heavy Bombardment. About 60% of the surface of Mars shows a record of impacts from that era.
Noachian Period
The Noachian Period is distinguished from later periods by high rates of impacts, erosion, valley formation, volcanic activity, and weathering of surface rocks to produce abundant phyllosilicates (clay minerals). These processes imply a wetter global climate with at least episodic warm conditions. The lunar cratering record suggests that the rate of impacts in the Inner Solar System 4000 million years ago was 500 times higher than today. During the Noachian, about one 100-km diameter crater formed on Mars every million years, with the rate of smaller impacts exponentially higher.
Hesperian Period
The Hesperian is a geologic system and time period that lasted 3700 to 3000 million years ago. This period is characterized by widespread volcanic activity and catastrophic flooding that carved immense outflow channels across the surface. During this time, Mars was loud, unstable, and extremely destructive. This era was marked by volcanos exploding all over him, which reshaped much of the Martian surface. Massive lava flows spilled across the planet, creating vast plains and sometimes burying older features beneath thick basaltic rock.
Biblical-level flooding occurred. Enormous volumes of water burst forth from underground reservoirs, likely triggered by volcanic heating or tectonic shifts. These floods carved some of the largest channels in the Solar System—gigantic outflow valleys like 
Kasei Valles and Maja Valles—scarring the surface with the Martian equivalent of flash flood warnings on steroids.
The combination of volcanism and flooding makes the Hesperian a transitional period: Mars was cooling down overall, but he still had the energy to throw a few tantrums. The warm, potentially habitable conditions of the Noachian were on their way out, and the dry, cold, and dusty world we know today was beginning to take shape. The atmosphere began to thin, the magnetic field (if it even still existed at this point) was fading, and water was no longer a planet-wide presence.
Amazonian Period
The Amazonian Period, stretching from around 3 billion years ago to the present, marks a shift in Mars's geologic temperament—from a chaotic, flood-ridden planet to a much colder, quieter one. Volcanic activity still occurred during this time, but it slowed way down compared to the fiery outbursts of the Hesperian.
One of the most defining traits of the Amazonian is Mars' transition to a hyper-arid, near-lifeless world. Surface water became a rare sight, confined to occasional ice flows or flash floods from subsurface sources. The climate grew colder and dryer, with the atmosphere thinning out to its current whisper of carbon dioxide. Glaciation became a major player too. Evidence of icy deposits, permafrost, and glacier-like flows suggest Mars didn't entirely give up on his water, he just locked it away in ice caps and underground. Impact craters from this time are better preserved than older ones, since there wasn't much erosion or weather to mess them up. Mars put on a thick red dust blanket, curled up with his polar ice caps, and has been snoozing ever since.
Observations from Earth
The existence of Mars as a wandering object in the night sky was recorded by ancient 
Egyptian astronomers. By the 2nd millennium BCE they were familiar with the apparent retrograde motion[1] of the planet.
The 
Shang, 
Zhou and 
Qin (1766 BC-206 BC) have also maintained close records of planetary conjunctions, including those of Mars.
Detailed observations of the position of Mars were made by 
Babylonian astronomers (626 BC-539 BC) who developed arithmetic techniques to predict the future position of the planet.
Occultations of Mars by 
Venus were noted by the 
Chinese in 368, 375, and 405.
In 2015 
NASA discovered that liquid water exists on Mar's surface for a very short time before being vaporized.
Surface Features
Mars holds many surface features that are of particular interest for scientists such as yummy chocolate. With a (relatively) thick atmosphere, his surface is constantly changing through weathering and erosion. However, with the absence of plate tectonics or volcanic activity, as well as the lack of liquid water, many of his features are exclusive only to him.
There is a formation in a Mars dune that has the appearance of Morse code. If "decoded," it reads NEE NED ZB 6TNN DEIBEDH SIEFI EBEEE SSIEI ESEE SEEE!!
Liquid Water
Mars has long been assumed to hold liquid water. However, many countryballs were disappointed when lander probes sent back evidence of a dry, desolate world. But it was later revealed in 2015 NASA found out that liquid water does exist on Mars' surface, albeit for very short periods of time. It is thought the water comes from underground ice reservoirs, which melt. The water is then drawn up to the surface where it can flow, before it literally vaporizes, freezes, and sublimates all at once. There used to be oceans on Mars's surface, but the water was anschlussed by Sun.
Orbit - Rotation
Mars' orbital period is 687 Earth days (1.88 Earth years). His solar day is only slightly larger than a day on Earth: 24 hours, 39 minutes and 35,244 seconds.
Mars' axis of rotation is tilted 25 degrees with respect to the plane of his orbit around the Sun. This is another similarity with Earth, whose axial tilt is 23.4 degrees. Like Earth, Mars has distinct seasons, but they last longer than seasons of Earth since Mars takes longer to orbit the Sun (because he's farther away). And while here on Earth the seasons are evenly spread over the year, one quarter of a year, on Mars the seasons vary in length because of Mars' elliptical, egg-shaped orbit around the Sun.
Relationships
Friends
Neutral
USA - With probes and rovers, he was the first to orbit and land on my surface successfully.
Aliens - Maybe…
Enemies
Earth - Can you stop poking me with your stupid satellites?! You’ve been acting weird ever since these “humans” parasites took over. First saying everyone orbit around you, then telling us you are a flat disk… I do not think you are alright.
How to draw
Mars has a drawing rating of intermediate.
- Draw a ball.
- Color it orangish-red.
- Add some brownish spots.
- Add white on the top and bottom.
- Add eyes and you’re done!
Colour approximations:
| Color Name | HEX | |
|---|---|---|
| Red | #E4803C | |
| Dust | #B96C3A | |
| White | #FFFFFF | |
