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== History == === World War I === ==== Is Neutrality Really Worth It? ==== At the outbreak of the war in 1914, the United States initially pursued a policy of neutrality, aiming to avoid entanglement in the conflict engulfing [[File:EU-icon.png]] [[European Union|Europe]]. However, as the war progressed and tensions escalated, maintaining neutrality became increasingly challenging. Plus, unrestricted submarine warfare conducted by [[File:German Empire-icon.png]] [[German Empire|Germany]], which led to the sinking of civilian ships including the Lusitania in 1915, which resulted in American casualties and escalating anti-German sentiment. Towards the end of WWI, the [[File:German Empire-icon.png]] [[German Empire]] deployed [[File:Lenin-icon.png]] [[Leninism|Lenin]] to [[File:Russian Empire-icon.png]] [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and kicked him out of the battlefield. This made [[File:German Empire-icon.png]] [[German Empire]] very confident, but there was another rising power in the west. [[File:German Empire-icon.png]] [[German Empire]] sent a telegram, called the "Zimmermann Telegram" to [[File:Mexico-icon.png]] [[Mexico]], asking him to for a military alliance against the United States. <i>This was America's last straw.</i> ==== Into the Battlefields ==== The formal entry of the United States into the war came on April 6, 1917, after President [[File:Wilsonianism-icon.png]] [[Wilsonianism|Wilson]]'s request to Congress for a declaration of war against [[File:German Empire-icon.png]] [[German Empire|Germany]]. [[File:Wilsonianism-icon.png]] [[Wilsonianism|Wilson]] framed the conflict as a crusade to make the world "safe for democracy," appealing to both idealistic and pragmatic sentiments. The U.S. military, initially small and underprepared, underwent rapid expansion and mobilization. The Selective Service Act of 1917 authorized the draft of millions of American men, significantly bolstering the ranks of the [[File:AEF-icon.png]] [[American Expeditionary Forces]] (AEF) under [[File:US Army-icon.png]] [[United States Army|General John J. Pershing]]. The [[File:AEF-icon.png]] [[American Expeditionary Forces|AEF]] played a crucial role in the latter stages of the war, particularly in 1918, providing fresh troops and much-needed support to the exhausted [[File:Entente-icon.png]] [[Entente Powers|Allied]] forces on the Western Front. American forces participated in several key offensives, including the Battle of [[File:France-icon.png]] [[Cantigny]] (the first major American battle and offensive), the Battle of [[File:Aisne-icon.png]] [[Belleau, Aisne|Belleau Wood]], and the [[File:River-icon.png]][[File:Forest-icon.png]] [[Meuse River|Meuse]]-[[Forest of Argonne|Argonne]] Offensive, which was one of the final and most significant operations leading to the armistice on November 11, 1918. The presence of American troops helped to shift the balance of power, boosting Allied morale and contributing to the ultimate defeat of the [[File:Central Powers-icon.png]] [[Central Powers]]. ==== Home Front ==== On the home front, the war effort prompted significant economic and social changes. The U.S. government mobilized industry through the War Industries Board, ensuring efficient production and supply of war materials. The war also spurred advancements in technology and manufacturing, while propaganda campaigns encouraged public support and participation in the war effort. Furthermore, the conflict had lasting impacts on American society, including the acceleration of the Great Migration, as [[File:8ball-icon.png]] [[Africans|African Americans]] moved northward for war-related jobs, and the advancement of [[File:Women-icon.png]] [[Feminism|women's rights]], highlighted by their critical contributions to the workforce and the eventual passage of the 19th Amendment granting women's right to vote. ==== End of the Great War ==== In the aftermath of the war, President [[File:Wilsonianism-icon.png]] [[Wilsonianism|Wilson]] played a key role in the [[File:Paris-icon.png]] [[Paris]] Peace Conference and the drafting of the Treaty of Versailles, advocating for his Fourteen Points and the establishment of the [[File:League of Nations-icon.png]] [[League of Nations]]. Despite Wilson's vision for a lasting peace and a new international order, the U.S. Senate ultimately rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the [[File:League of Nations-icon.png]] [[League of Nations]], reflecting a return to [[File:Isolationism-icon.png]] [[Isolationism|isolationist]] tendencies. Nevertheless, America's involvement in World War I marked its emergence as a significant global power and set the stage for its future international engagements. === Interwar Period === Between World War I and World War II, the United States experienced significant social, economic, and political changes. The 1920s, often referred to as the "Roaring Twenties," was a decade of economic prosperity, technological advancements, and cultural flourishing, marked by the widespread adoption of automobiles, radios, and jazz music. However, this period of growth ended abruptly with the Stock Market Crash of 1929, which ushered in the Great Depression, a time of severe economic hardship, high unemployment, and widespread poverty throughout the 1930s. In response, President [[File:Roosevelt-icon.png]] [[New Deal Liberalism|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] implemented the New Deal, a series of programs and reforms aimed at economic recovery, financial reform, and relief for the unemployed and poor. Politically, the era saw the rise of [[File:Isolationism-icon.png]] [[Isolationism|isolationist]] sentiments. === World War II === The United States' involvement in World War II was pivotal in determining the outcome of the conflict and reshaping global politics. Initially adhering to a policy of neutrality, the U.S. sought to avoid entanglement in the growing hostilities in Europe and Asia throughout the 1930s. This stance was solidified through a series of Neutrality Acts aimed at preventing the kind of entanglements that had drawn the nation into World War I. However, as [[File:Nazi-icon.png]] [[Axis Powers]] [[File:Japanese Empire-icon.png]] expanded aggressively, President Franklin D. Roosevelt began to prepare the country for the possibility of war, emphasizing the need to support the [[File:Allies-icon.png]] [[Allied Powers|Allies]] through measures like the Lend-Lease Act of 1941, which provided critical aid to nations like [[File:UK-icon.png]] [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and the [[File:USSR-icon.png]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]]. The turning point for American involvement came on December 7, 1941, when [[File:JapEmp-icon.png]] [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] launched a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, [[File:Hawaii-icon.png]] [[Hawaii]]. This devastating assault resulted in significant loss of life and damage to the [[File:USPacFleet-icon.png]] [[United States Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]], galvanizing American public opinion and prompting a swift response. On December 8, 1941, the United States declared war on [[File:JapEmp-icon.png]] [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], and shortly thereafter, [[File:Nazi-icon.png]] [[German Third Reich|Germany]] and [[File:KoItaly-icon2.png]] [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] declared war on the United States, bringing America fully into World War II on both the Pacific and European fronts. The US also started rapidly producing military equipment, war ships, planes, tanks and much more. In the European Theater, American forces initially focused on the North African Campaign, successfully pushing [[File:Axis-icon.png]] [[Axis Powers|Axis]] forces out of the region by 1943. The subsequent invasion of [[File:KoItaly-icon2.png]] [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] marked a crucial step in weakening [[File:Axis-icon.png]] [[Axis Powers|Axis]] positions in Europe. One of the most significant contributions came on June 6, 1944, known as D-Day, when [[File:Allies-icon.png]] [[Allied Powers|Allied]] forces, including a substantial number of American troops, launched the largest amphibious invasion in history on the beaches of [[File:Normandy-icon.png]] [[Normandy]], [[File:NaziWar-icon.png]] [[Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France|France]]. This operation was a turning point that led to the liberation of Western Europe from [[File:Nazi-icon.png]] [[German Third Reich|Nazi]] control. American forces continued to advance through France and into Germany, playing a key role in the eventual defeat of [[File:Nazi-icon.png]] [[German Third Reich|Nazi Germany]] in May 1945. The US was also working on atomic weapons in the Manhattan Project, hoping to make them before [[File:Nazi-icon.png]] [[German Third Reich|Nazi Germany]] figures out how. In the Pacific Theater, the U.S. adopted an island-hopping strategy to gradually reclaim territory from [[File:JapEmp-icon.png]] [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] control. Key battles included the Battle of [[File:Japan-icon.png]] [[Midway Atoll|Midway]] in 1942, which turned the tide in favor of the [[File:USA-icon.png]][[File:ROC-icon.png]] [[Allied Powers|Allies]], and the grueling campaigns at [[File:Japan-icon.png]] [[Guadalcanal]], [[File:Japan-icon.png]] [[Iwo Jima]], and [[File:Okinawa-icon.png]] [[Okinawa]]. Each victory brought American forces closer to [[File:JapEmp-icon.png]] [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]. [[File:JapEmp-icon.png]] [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] sees surrendering as dishonorable and was determined to fight until their last breath, so not wanting the war to drag on and potentially threaten the American mainland, the decision to use atomic weapons was made. The bombs “Little Boy” and “Fat Man” were dropped on the cities of [[File:Hiroshima-icon.png]] [[Hiroshima]] and [[File:Nagasaki-icon.png]] [[Nagasaki]] in August 1945. These bombings, coupled with the [[File:USSR-icon.png]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]]’s declaration of war on [[File:JapEmp-icon.png]] [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], led to Japan's unconditional surrender on August 15, 1945, effectively ending World War II.
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