Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency
The Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency were the last standing forces of the 
Chinese Nationalist Party in mainland 
China during the 
Chinese Civil War 
. They were mostly descended from the warlords of the 
Ma Clique, which were 
Muslim Chinese. These forces held out until 1958, long after the Civil War “ended”. Despite the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, these resilient insurgents continued their resistance in the remote regions of 
Qinghai and Gansu provinces. Their struggle was characterized by guerrilla warfare tactics, leveraging the difficult terrain and their deep-rooted local connections to sustain their efforts against the 
People's Liberation Army.
History
The Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency emerged from the remnants of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, KMT) forces that refused to accept the defeat of the Chinese Civil War. The core of these insurgent forces were members of the Ma Clique, a group of powerful Muslim warlords in northwest China. The Ma Clique played a significant role in the early 20th century, commanding large, well-armed militias and wielding substantial influence in the provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, and Ningxia. Leaders such as 
Ma Bufang, Ma Hongkui, and Ma Hongbin were prominent figures within the Nationalist military hierarchy. Despite their religious and cultural distinctiveness, they saw the KMT as a means to maintain their regional power and resist the 
Communist ideology.
