Peru

Republic of Peru : República del Perú
←    1821 – Present
General Information
Aliases:	Canada without leaf Flag Stealer 🦃 Turkey
Time of Exist:	28 July 1821 - Present
Government:	Unitary Semi-Presidential Republic
Territory Size:	Total: 1,285,216 km²/496,225 sq mi (2024) Water (%): 0.41
Languages:	Spanish Quechua Aymara Several other native languages
Affiliation:	Pacific Alliance OAS Group of 77 Interpol United Nations UNESCO World Health Organization USAN (suspended)
Religions:	Christianity Catholicism (majority) Protestantism Jehovah's Witnesses Atheism
Gender:	Male
Relations and Opinions
Friends:	Spain Argentina Brazil Bolivia Canada NATO BRICS Germany South Africa Japan China Colombia Vatican City USA Philippines New Zealand Kosovo France India Singapore
Enemies:	Venezuela Ecuador Mexico Australia France (in football) Spanish Empire Shining Path
Likes:	Llamas, Peruvian food, chicha music, alpacas, owl monkeys, peruvian giant centipedes (aka amazonian giant centipede), Peruvian rock, Machu Picchu, beach, cold, tourists, salt mines, donkeys, pigeons
Dislikes:	Mexican food, vegans, the heat, losing wars, negative criticism of their food, immigrants, Maoism
Historical Information
Preceded By:	Viceroyalty of Peru

Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country located in South America. He is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. He hates vegans.

History

The history of Peru is usually divided into separate periods treated as separate entities. These entities are as follows:

• Foundational Period of the Republic (1821-1836)
• Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836-1839)
• Restoration (1839-1841)
• Military Anarchy (1841-1845)
• Guano Era (1845-1866)
• Economic and International Crisis (1866-1884)
• National Reconstruction (1884-1895)
• Aristocratic Republic (1895-1919)
• New Motherland (1919-1930)
• Third Militarism (1930-1939)
• Democratic Spring (1939-1948)
• The Ochenio (1948-1956)
• Moderate Civil Reform (1956-1968)
• Radical Military Reform (1968-1980)
• Terrorism and the Fujimorato (1980-2000)
• Business Republic (2000-2016)
• Peruvian Political Crisis (2016-)

Early Period (1821-1839)

Peru declared his independence on December 9, 1821. He fought the Spanish forces off at the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824, consolidating his independence and sovereignty. After the battle, Spanish general José de Canterac signed the final capitulation of the Royalist Army in Peru. Despite the Spanish capitulation, relations between both states would not be established until 1879. During this era, the First Militarism (Spanish: Primer Militarismo), a period where several military figures held control of the country, started in 1827, with José de La Mar’s presidency.

By the time the capitulation had been signed, the royalist forces in Peru occupied the southern provinces, slowly surrendering to the rebels. Despite the apparent end of the successful patriot campaigns, two Spanish figures refused to accept the capitulation and established themselves in Callao and Upper Peru: José Ramón Rodil and Pedro Antonio Olañeta, respectively. Additionally, a resistance in Ayacucho led by Antonio Huachaca would remain until his dissolution in 1839.

Olañeta, based in Potosí, faced a campaign by Antonio José de Sucre from January to April 1825 and was fatally wounded at the Battle of Tumusla. Meanwhile, Rodil, in the Real Felipe Fortress at Callao, awaited reinforcements that never came. The fortress was besieged from December 1824 to January 1826, leading to Rodil's surrender, marking the last Spanish stronghold in South America.

Simón Bolívar became dictator of Peru in 1824 but resigned shortly after. His resignation was extended until 1827, during which he helped establish Peru’s final flag and coat of arms in 1825. Upper Peru, divided between joining Peru or the United Provinces, ultimately declared independence and became Bolivia. Bolívar influenced his constitution, similar to Peru's and Colombia's, as part of his vision for a federation in America. Anti-Bolivarian sentiment later forced Bolívar to leave Peru in 1826, and the Constituent Congress was dissolved a year later.

Under president José de La Mar, Peru went to 💥WAR💥 with Bolivia and Colombia due to tensions with neighboring Bolivarian states. Peru invaded Bolivia in 1828, but the conflict led to war with Colombia, ending with an armistice after the Battle of Tarqui in 1829. Political instability led to La Mar’s removal and a peace treaty. Later, civil war broke out in Peru, and attempts to unite Lower and Upper Peru resulted in the Peru-Bolivian Confederation in 1836, which was opposed by Chile, Argentina, and Peruvian exiles. The Confederation eventually dissolved after his defeat in the Battle of Yungay in 1839.

Modern Period (1839-1930)

After the War of the Confederation, Peru and Bolivia became independent and separate again. Agustín Gamarra was made Provisional President of Peru in 1839, and later became Constitutional President in 1840 after elections. During his second term, he signed treaties and opened schools. Gamarra tried to unite Bolivia and Peru, but this led to a failed attempt to annex Bolivia, resulting in war. Gamarra was killed in the Battle of Ingavi, and Bolivia briefly occupied southern Peru. The war ended with the Treaty of Puno in 1842, keeping both countries as separate states, though unresolved border issues remained.

Following the death of President Agustín Gamarra, a period of chaos and political and social upheaval unraveled, where no government was consolidated. This was known as the Military Anarchy. Manuel Menéndez became president, although a number of uprisings in different parts of the country challenged his authority, leading to civil war on May 17, 1843. This period ended in 1845.

From 1845 to 1866 was the Guano Era, it was a period of peace and stability. Peru was sustained by the export of guano to European markets, and the management of state finances improved through the implementation of budgets. During this time the economy was experiencing a boom due to guano being sold to European markets. Ramón Castilla ruled in this era. This period came to an end in 1866 when Peru joined the Chincha Islands War against Spain.

Starting from 1866, a new constitution was adopted. Its extremely liberal nature led to a civil war, which in the end restored the 1860 constitution.

Henry Meiggs built a gauge line in Peru in the 1860s, which bankrupted himself and the country. Financial problems forced the government to take over in 1874. Labor conditions were very brutal for the Chinese in Peru, and led to strikes and violent suppression. A coup d'état happened on July 22, 1872, but the new government was short-lived, lasting until the 26th.

In 1879, Peru entered the War of the Pacific, after Bolivia invoked his alliance with Peru against Chile. But Chile won and occupied Peru.

After the War of the Pacific, Peru faced economic devastation and political instability. The period saw efforts to rebuild the nation under President Andrés Avelino Cáceres, who resisted Chilean occupation and later faced civil war against Nicolás de Piérola. Foreign debts, railroad reconstruction, and political reforms shaped the era, but instability persisted until Piérola’s rise in 1895.

From 1895 to 1919 was the Aristocratic Republic. Peru was dominated by a small elite of wealthy landowners and businessmen, focusing on economic growth through exports like sugar and cotton. Under presidents like Nicolás de Piérola and Augusto B. Leguía, the country modernized infrastructure and attracted foreign investments, especially from Britain and USA. However, social inequality and worker unrest grew, leading to increased demands for reform. The era ended when Leguía staged a coup in 1919, beginning his Oncenio dictatorship.

From 1919 to 1930 is known as the "Oncenio" (the "Eleventh"). The entrance of American capital became general and the bourgeoisie was favoured. This policy, along with increased dependence on foreign investment, focused opposition from the most progressive sectors of Peruvian society against the landowner oligarchy.

Contemporary Period (1930-)

In 1930, a military coup ousted Augusto B. Leguía, ending his 11-year rule. The military, led by Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, took over. Political instability and unrest followed. Sánchez Cerro became president but was assassinated in 1933. His death reflected the deep divisions within Peruvian society; between military, civilians, Indigenous communities, and elites.

This period was also characterized by sudden population growth and an increase in urbanization. By the 1940 census, the last census that utilized racial categories, mestizos were grouped with whites, and the two constituted more than 53% of the total population. Mestizos likely outnumbered the 3balls and were the largest population group.

In 1941, Ecuador went to war with Peru, though he lost and led to the Peruvian Occupation of Ecuador, in which Ecuador lost almost half of his claimed territory. The war ended but conflict still remained.

Manuel A. Odría came to power through a coup in 1948. His regime was authoritarian but promoted infrastructure and economic growth (sometimes called “Odría’s Boom”). During this period Peru suppressed leftist and student movements while favoring the elite and urban middle class.

Civilian rule returned in the early 1960s. president Fernando Belaúnde Terry was elected in 1963 and pushed for land reform and housing, but his reforms were slow and didn’t satisfy growing demands. In 1968, general Juan Velasco Alvarado led a leftist military coup, pushing a nationalist, anti-imperialist agenda. He nationalized key industries, carried out agrarian reform, breaking up large estates, and took on U.S. companies and promoted Indigenous inclusion. It was bold, but the economy struggled.

Velasco was ousted in a bloodless coup led by Bermúdez in 1975, which caused Peru to slowly return to democracy. By 1980, Peru was exhausted by economic downturns and inflation. Democracy was restored, and Belaúnde returned for a second (much more difficult) term.

The 1980s were turbulent for Peru. First, there was the Shining Path, who is a violent Maoist insurgency that began a brutal guerrilla war in 1980. Shining Path derived significant financial support from alliances with narcotraffickers, leading to the Internal conflict in Peru. Economic collapse also happened - hyperinflation, foreign debt, and poverty worsened. President Alan García’s first term (1985-1990) ended in economic disaster.

In 1990, Alberto Fujimori, a political outsider, was elected. His rule led Peru to crush the Shining Path insurgency (with massive human rights abuses). Under Fujimori, Peru also carried out neoliberal economic reforms, stabilizing inflation. In 1992, Fujimori staged a self-coup ("autogolpe"), dissolving Congress and ruling by decree.

The border conflict with Ecuador continued until 1995. On October 26, 1998, Ecuador and Peru signed a comprehensive peace accord that established a framework for ending a border dispute. Formal demarcation of border regions started on May 13, 1999. The agreement was ratified without opposition by the congresses of both nations, finally bringing a definitive end to the dispute.

Fujimori was re-elected in 1995 and 2000, but corruption scandals, authoritarianism, and human rights abuses caught up with him. He fled to Japan to avoid the charges and resigned by fax in 2000.

Democracy returned to Peru, but political instability dominated, presidents from Alejandro Toledo (2001–2006) to Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) faced corruption scandals or weak approval.

During the night of August 15, 2007, at 23:40:57 UTC (18:40:57 local time), a 8.0 earthquake struck Peru, killing at least 595 people, injuring more than 2290. There were even blue lights on the sky. all of Latin America came to help Peru by sending monies and reparations, the ones that show most support were Chile, Colombia, Bolivia and Argentina.

President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski resigned in 2018 over bribery allegations. Martín Vizcarra, his successor, was popular for his anti-corruption stance but was impeached in 2020. Political chaos led to three different presidents in one week during November 2020.

In 2021, Pedro Castillo, a rural teacher and union leader from the far-left, was elected. Peru was surprised because this was a massive shift from the traditional elites. Pedro's presidency was marked by instability, clashes with congress, and several cabinet changes. He tried to dissolve congress and have total control over the police and military in 2022 but was impeached and jailed for it. His vice president, Dina Boluarte, became president, but her government was met with intense protests, especially from Peru’s rural and Indigenous communities. Over 50 protesters were killed in early 2023.

Relationships

Friends

• Brazil - Brazil is of good friend even if he destroy me in football. Still can beat him in volleyball though!
• Kosovo - Unlike the other nations of South America, Me and Colombia is of recognize his independence. But to avoid problems, I don’t have an embassy on his clay.
• China - He are closely influenced by cultural issues. Most commonly known about the gastronomic share of Chifa food, which means rice eating and is the result of mixing both culinary cultures. It is believed that primitive cultures in Peru were highly influenced by the first expeditions to America made by the Chinese people or even being himself their ancestors due to similar words in his language or the similarity presented in his traditional clothing. He also give us nice spices and sauce, to make more food!
• NATO - All of the members have good diplomatic ties with me and always of help me every time. I wish I had access to the North Atlantic Ocean, But I'm already a US ally which means I don't need to join NATO.
• United States - He are one of my mejores friends. His president Richard Nixon visited our clay after the 1970 Ancash Earthquake and also sent helicopters after the 2007 Peru Earthquake, he trades with me and we both are in some factions together. The only problem is...HE KEEP STEALING ME LLAMAS!
• France - Very good European friend, we’ve had diplomatic relations since the 1960s and been cool with each other ever since.
• India - He also has long histories and culture, we are far from each other but good cousin, also we are informados of the lastest technology and we get some oil too.
• Singapore - We have so much in common, he is richer than me and is very rarely victim of natural disasters unlike me. A very developed city-country with very tall towers and very good looking towns, also a good friend and helped me a bit on the 2007 Earthquake.

Neutral

• Serbia - Not really an enemy, but I recognize Kosovo, plus Croatia is good country.
• Mexico - We both know that I HAVE BETTER GASTRONOMY AND FOOD! INCA EMPIRE BETTER THAN AZTEC! You robaste my chances to host the 1970 World Cup! But still buen hermano, we can improve trade, he helped me during my floodings and I helped him during the earthquake.

Enemies

• France (in football) - 1-0 2018 NO SE VALE!!!! COMO!!! I AM GONNA CUT THE EIFFEL TOWER IN HALF AND STEAL ALL YOUR BAGUETTE NOW!
• Spanish Empire - YUO IS KILL MY TRIBES AND STOLE ALL MY GOLDS, THANK GOD YOU DIED!
• Shining Path - WORST PARTY, no, worst TERRORIST ORGANIZATION EVER!!! YUO IS MASSACRE PEOPLE AND DESTROY PROPERTY!!! YUO KILL WOMEN AND CHILDREN LIKE ITS A GAME!! Yuo really think it’s all just a game, huh? REMOVE MAOISM!!

How to draw

Flag of Peru

1. Draw a ball.
2. Draw three vertical stripes that fill the ball, in the following order of colours: red, white, red.
3. Add the eyes and you are done!
4. Add Peru’s coat of arms in the white stripe (optional)

Color Name		HEX
	Red	#D91023
	White	#FFFFFF